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Date：2025-04-03 15:56:19
Author: DTI
Classification of Welding Procedure Qualification for Butt Welds
By Joint Configuration
Plate Butt Welds:
- Flat welding (1G)
- Horizontal welding (2G)
- Vertical welding (3G)
- Overhead welding (4G)
Pipe Butt Welds:
- Horizontal rolling (1G)
- Vertically fixed (2G)
- Horizontally fixed (5G)
- 45° inclined fixed (6G)
By Weld Nature
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Full Penetration Welds: These welds must ensure complete penetration, such as in structures subjected to dynamic loads.
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Partial Penetration Welds: Used in non-critical load-bearing areas.
By Material Thickness
The qualification typically covers a specific thickness range. For example, in AWS D1.1, when the test plate thickness is ≥3mm, the qualification applies to 0.75 to 1.5 times the test plate thickness.
By Welding Method
Different welding methods require separate qualifications, such as:
- Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
- Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
- Gas Metal Arc Welding / Flux-Cored Arc Welding (GMAW/FCAW)
Special Requirements
Additional tests are required for specific applications, such as corrosion-resistant cladding or low-temperature toughness welds (e.g., impact testing, chemical composition analysis).
Classification of Welding Procedure Qualification for Fillet Welds
By Load Type
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Load-bearing Fillet Welds: These welds are required to transmit stress and need to be fully penetrated or meet strength requirements (e.g., Fillet Weld for Strength in AWS).
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Non-load-bearing Fillet Welds: These welds are used only for sealing or connection purposes (e.g., Fillet Weld for Seal in AWS).
By Joint Configuration
-
T-joint
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Lap joint
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Corner joint
By Welding Position
-
Flat fillet welding (1F)
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Horizontal fillet welding (2F)
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Vertical fillet welding (3F)
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Overhead fillet welding (4F)
By Leg Size
-
The qualification typically covers a specific leg size range. For example, in AWS, when the test leg size is ≥6mm, the qualification applies to all larger sizes.
Combined Welds
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Butt and Fillet Weld Combinations (e.g., pipe saddle welds) require composite procedure qualifications.
Qualification Standards
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ISO 15614: Welding procedure qualification specification covering various materials and methods.
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AWS D1.1/D1.6: American standards, distinguishing requirements for steel structures and stainless steel welding.
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GB/T 19869.1/NB/T 47014: Chinese standards for welding procedure qualification of steel, aluminum, and other materials.
Key Differences
| Item | Butt Welds | Fillet Welds |
|---|---|---|
| Qualification Focus | Penetration, mechanical properties (tensile, bend) | Leg size, appearance quality, shear strength |
| Test Requirements | Typically requires non-destructive testing (RT/UT) | Macroscopic metallographic inspection or visual inspection |
| Coverage Range | Thickness, diameter have significant impact | Leg size and position have greater impact |
Notes
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Material Grouping: Different materials may be grouped into the same qualification group (e.g., P1/P2 for carbon steels).
-
Change Clauses: If parameters (such as current, preheat temperature) exceed the qualification range, requalification is required.
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Partial Qualification: For example, if only the shielding gas is changed, supplementary tests may be sufficient.
Additional Notes
-
It is recommended to refine requirements based on specific engineering standards (e.g., API 1104 for pipelines) and consult third-party inspection agencies (e.g., TÜV) to ensure compliance.
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